Plasma Membrane: Structure and Function

Plasma Membrane Structure and FunctionBENJAMINNHANDARAExplain the social system and function of the mobile phone and the plasma tissue layer to include the division of effort and explanation of assault across the plasma membrane.All living things ar made up of small blocks known as electric cells. These cells play a big role in the existence of all living things so far though we cannot see the cells with our naked eyes. After we fuck off a commodity look at the functions of a cell and all the organelles found in them we bequeath have an down the stairsstanding on the big role play by these minute organelles.Small blocks known as cells make up all living things. The cells that we will be looking at directly argon the eukaryotic cells. In the eukaryotic cells atomic number 18 tiny cellular structures known as organelles that perform unique specific functions in arrangement to financial support the cell alive. To help us better understand and let off what really happens in a cell we can look at a country the likes of the UK. In the UK they atomic number 18 different presidency departments, organisations and sectors that work together for the good of the country. UK in this case may be likened to a cell and the organisations, departments, sectors will re premise the organelles.In order to disassemble the inside of a cell from its environment the cell is environ by a membrane that acts as a protector for the organelles. All membranes be permeable to regulate the transport of materials in and egress of the cell through with(predicate) small pore (Sue Hocking,2008). The largest organelle in the cell is called the effect and it is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which is a double superimposed structure made of two adjacent membranes. The envelope has pores which enable parley between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleus is the control centre of a cell where all instructions ar reach outed on to other organelles. Just like the parliame nt of the UK we could agree that it also has a similar duty to pass all legislation of the land and assess all laws to ensure a good and safe life for its citizen. The nucleus contains coded genetic information in the form of desoxyribonucleic acid molecules which are involved in the synthesis of proteins (Ann Fullick et al.,2015). The DNA detects what the cell is going to do and how it will do it. Inside the nucleus is a dense ,spherical structure known as the nucleolus which is liable for the production of ribo roughs. The nucleolus is like a factory.Ribosomes according to Gareth Williams (2000),are tiny organelles that are found in large numbers in a cell. They have a diameter of about 20nm. They attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after leave the nucleus and this is known as the rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER). There is another face of endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes known as smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the other ribosomes float freely in the jelly like fluid known as cytoplasm. Enzymes are synthesised in the cytoplasm by the ribosomes. While the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum is producing and packaging proteins. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids and steroids. The synthesis of a protein shows the division of cranch in a cell. We also have some organelles that were first sight by the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi. These organelles are known as golgi, they appear as stacks of flattened sacs. Assembling glycoproteins such as mucin by feature protein and carbohydrates. The golgi also produces digestive enzymes and the formation of lysosomes. Lysosomes are spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane and they contain some powerful digestive enzymes that help in breaking down materials(Micheal Kent 2000).Organelles in a eukaryotic cellFig 1 (www.enhantedlearning.com)As evident in number 1,we also have the mitochondria organelles which are primary(prenominal) in the synthesis of free cypher in the fo rm of ATP by a process called Respiration. This energy is made available to the cell in molecular structure. Active cells will normally have a lot of mitochondria available. C J Clegg(2000) says the mitochondria are relatively large organelles and has a double membrane, the inner forms many folds called cristae. innovation and exit of all materials is controlled by the outer membrane , as the causal agent of people is also controlled by the boarders that are in place. cadre membrane are present in all cells and they facilitate the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also goes on to provide protection for the cell. According to Ann Fullick(2000) all cell membranes are made up of two main molecules which are the lipids and proteins. These molecules answer differently as the head is hyrophilic(water loving) while the tail is hydrophobic (water-hating). Cell membranes are selectively permeable meaning they let in some molecules and keep others outBelow is a diagram of a phosopholipid bilayer in Fig 2AN IMAGE OF A PHOSOPHOLIPID BILAYERFig 2(The Science of biological science,2007)C J Clegg (2000) says materials that go through the membrane will handling the basic types of cellular transport which are available which are in alert transportation(no energy involve) and active transport(energy needed). In passive transport we have dissemination(movement of particles from a region of high parsimony to a region of low concentration),facilitated diffusion is also movement of particles from high to low area of concentration simply this type of diffusion uses a transport protein. Osmosis also falls under the passive transport(special type of diffusion involving water molecules). In this type of transport the cell does not need energy.The second type of transport is called active transport(cell needs energy ). In active transport energy is needed as the molecules will be moving from an area of low concentration to an area high concentration. Endocytos is is the movement of large particles or fluids through the membrane into the cytoplasm of a cell(Bill Indge,2000). Exocytosis is the movement of particles from inside the cell. Finally we have protein pumps that are integral membrane protein that are capable of transporting protons across membranes.The cell plays an important role in all living things despite the fact that it is so small and also we have seen that the cell has many organelles which are present to carry out different and unique functions in order to keep the cell alive. Without cells there is no life.SECTION 21a) The cell is a eukaryote because the cell has a nucleus that contains DNA.b) Magnification = get wind coat of it photo surface = 81mm x pace = 81 000m tangible sizing Magnification = 4 500Image = 18mm x 1000 = 18 000m certain = 4m Actual Image = 81 000M = 18 000 4 5004= 4 500 = 18 mThe actual width of the cell is = 18m c) Magnification = Image sizeActual sizeImage size = 81mm x 1000 = 81 000mActual si ze = 4m2. Magnification = Image size Image size = 81mm x 1000 = 81 000mActual size Actual size = 20mMagnification = 81 00020= 4 500Actual size for structure c = Image size MagnificationImage size = 15mm x 1000 = 15 000mActual size = 15 000Magnification 4 050 = 3,7mREFERENCESAnn Fullick, (2000) Heinemann travel Science, Biology. 2nd ed, OxonHeinemann Educational.Ann Fullick, Paul Bircher, and Jo Locke. (2015) A Level Biology For OCR, London Oxford University embraceC J Clegg and D G Mackean, (2000) advance Biology Principles and Applictions 2nd ed, London John MurrayC J Clegg, (2000) Introduction To Advanced Biology. London John MurrayGareth Williams, (2000) Advanced Biology For You, London Stanley ThornesSue Hocking, Pete Kennedy, straight-from-the-shoulder Sochacki.(2008) OCR Biology, Essex OCR Heinemann

Corporate Rescue Mechanisms of Judicial Management

Corporate hand over Mechanisms of Judicial ManagementTwo new insolvency passagees was introduced by the Companies Act 2016 which be somatic rescue mechanisms of judicial guidance and corporate uncoerced position. These mechanisms figure to facilitate rehabilitation of beau monde in the event of corporate insolvency to intromit companies to restructure its debts and at the same prison term able to continue with its business organization as opposed to the only bureau of twisting up on a lower floor the old rule, subject to slightly conditions.Judicial managementJudicial management as the name suggests is an order granted by court by way of drill by the companys creditor or director. From the time an application is made, and for the eon of any judicial management order made, a moratorium depart be in force.1Once order is granted, an insolvency practitioner or judicial manager will based on causes vest him,take charge of companys assets for over a level of six mon ths which the order is in force and could be extended for a nonher(prenominal) six months.The said insolvency practitioner or judicial managerwill first identify a restructuring proposal for creditors approval which will be obtained by the creditors brush and voting2. A legal age approval of 75% of present creditors is call for and the effectuate of restructuring proposal being approved is the proposal becomes binding on all creditors.Judicial management will not be available to institutions modulate by Capital Markets and services Act 2007 and Central Bank of Malaysia.3 anyways that, judicial management order will only be granted if in applicant successfully show that there is a hap of rehabilitation and by allowing such order creditors interest will be protected better than winding up process will.Corporate voluntary arrangementCorporate voluntary arrangement may be carried place betweencompanies with their unsecured creditors with minimal courts intervention. It will n ot be available to company with charge over its properties, public companies and similar with judicial management, institutions regulated by Capital Markets and services Act 2007 and Central Bank of Malaysia.Application for corporate voluntary arrangement could be made by companys director or judicial manager to the court which moratorium set ab give aways from this moment onwards. Application is to be support with an insolvency practitioners statement on his opinion that the arrangement should be approved or disproved based on whether companys funds allow it to continue with its business.Unlike judicial management, nether corporate voluntary arrangement there is a time limit to moratorium. After application to court an automatic moratorium kicks in for cardinal eight years during which no legal action may commence against the said company4. Approval and the subsequent effect is the same as required under judicial management and the creditors meeting should be done inside this mo ratorium period, upon which the moratorium ends. It could be extended for another sixty days by majority approval during said creditors meeting.The Companies Act 2016 also implemented added security feature by way of an insolvency test under s 1125 to protect rights of parties transaction with the company and rights of the creditors. Different solvency test applies for different circumstances but in overall, directors ar to sign a solvency statement to declare that the company is result for the social occasion of declaring dividend, plow buyback and redemption of preference share, reduction of share capital or financial assistance.Insolvency-related amendmentsCompanies Act 2016 has also incorporated some insolvency-related amendments, with the streng indeeding of the laws on liquidatorship, winding up and schemes of arrangement.ReceivershipThe receivership provisos in the CA 2016 substantially expand on the existing provisions in the Act. particle 375 and divide 376 of CA 2016 set out the manner of appointing a receiver or a receiver and manager under an instrument or by the court of justice. S. 375(2)(a) of CA 2016 expressly sets out the agency status of a receiver appointed under a power conferred by an instrument.On part of receivers liability, segment 182 of CA 1965 provides receiver to be liable for debts incurred by him in the course of the receivership or possession. The same is incorporated in section 381 of the CA 2016. Further to that, section 382 imposes personal liability on the receiver. dent 383 codified express powers of a receiver which are set out in the Sixth Schedule of the CA 2016. Presently, a receiver would ask to derive his powers which expressly or impliedly conferred by judicatory.Winding upOn the changes of winding up related sections, it can be noted that address for winding up under section 218 CA1965 is generally presented subsequent to a final judgment. In the CA 2016, petition may also be presented without a judgm ent but after service of a s.218equivalent to section 466(1)(a) Notice of Demand pursuant to specifying the debt.In CA 1965, there is no time limit to file petition to wind up a company after the issuance of the statutory notice under s. 218(2)(a). CA 2016 in s. 466(2) now requires a petition to be filed in Court within six months of the statutory notice. This imposes time limitation for s.218 notice in order to curb abuse and to set useful timelines for potential resolving power processes.Presently s.218(1)(m) and (n) permits the Court to order a winding up if a company is being used for unlawful purposes or any purpose prejudicial to national security or public interest or incompatible with peace, welfare, public order, security, good order or morality in Malaysia. S.465(2) of CA 2016 provides that, a finding by the Registrar that a company is being used for such purposes shall be received as star(predicate) facie evidence until proven otherwise. The effect is to reverse the bu rden of proof which then place on company to disprove the existence of the state of affairs said to exist by the Registrar in commencing the winding up action slit 218(2) has given minimum statutory amount for which a company may be presumed to be unable to pay its debts is RM500. Section 466 CA 2016 provides the amount now is to be prescribed by the Minister. under(a) the present s.223 CA 1965, all dispositions made after the commencement of the winding up by the Court are void unless the Court otherwise orders. Whereas s.472 CA 2016 provide exception to allow exempt dispositions which are define as dispositions made by a liquidator, or by an stave liquidator,pursuant to a power conferred on them by the Act or rules of the Court that appointed them or by an order of the Court. This may facilitate the liquidators in unfolding out their function as part of winding up process to liquidate the assets of the company as part of the without having to try on validation orders from eac h one time a disposition is made.S.493 CA 2016 is a new provision giving the Court power to terminate the winding up process. before long termination of a winding up order is by way of a permanent stay under s.243which given court power to stay winding up. The same section is also used to seek a stay of winding up proceedings pending an appeal and this has continued to cause confusion. Cessation of a winding up as the power to stay in s.492 and the power to terminate in s.493 are clearly segregated.Twelfth schedule of CA 2016 sets out both the powers of a liquidator requiring the authority of the Court or a committee of review and powers which may be exercised independently of the same.Notable changes on s.236 CA1965 include the power to carry on the business of the company which increase from four weeks to 180 days after the date of the winding up order, to compromise debts not particular(a) RM10,000which currently RM1,500 under s.236(2)(b) due to the company without approval of the Court/COI. This would deepen the roles of liquidators to facilitate the smooth process of liquidation.Further, CA 2016 also provide much than protection to employees as unsecured creditors under s.292(1)(b). The upper limit for the hire of wages or salary in the distribution of a companys retention increased from RM5,000 to RM15,000 under s.527(1)(b) of CA 2016Scheme of arrangement The scheme of arrangement provisions remains largely the same except for two of the more significant changes. In s.367 of CA 2016, upon application, the court may appoint an approved liquidator to assess the viability of a proposed scheme and prepare a track for submission to the meeting of creditors and members. This would enable an independent professional in the surface area of insolvency to determine the viability of the scheme and take into account the interests of all the stakeholders.Currently under s.176(10A) CA 1965 the court may grant a restraining order for not more than 90 days. Un der s.368(2) CA 2016 the restraining order may be extended by court for not more than 9 months upon application to court. Further, s.176(10D) CA 1965 provides company disposes or acquires any property, other than in the median(a) course of its business, without leave of the Court, liable for monetary punishment of RM1 million. In CA 2016, the amount has increased to RM3 million as provided in s.368(7).1Malaysia New Malayan insolvency laws (2016) easy online http//restructuring.bakermckenzie.com/2016/11/06/malaysia-new-malaysian-insolvency-laws/ (Accessed on 19th January 2017)2Malaysias New Insolvency Regime (2016) Available online http//www.klgates.com/malaysias-new-insolvency-regime-07-05-2016/ (Accessed on 20th January 2017)3Reform in the Malaysian Corporate Landscape key fruit Highlights under the New Companies Act (2016) Available online https//www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/my/Documents/ task/my-tax-espresso-reform-in-the-malaysian-corporate-landscape.pdf (Accessed on 20th January 2017)4 Corporate voluntary arragement (2016) Available online http//www.chooi.com.my/pdf/Chooi_Companies_Act_2016_corporate_voluntary_arrangement_975866_1.pdf ( Accessed on twenty-first January 2017)5 Companies Act 2016, s 112

How did the Dada Artists Challenge the Contemporary Art?

How did the dad Artists Ch both(prenominal)enge the Contemporary Art?This essay result dive into the cosmos of public address system by firstly exploring the movement with an in-depth spirit into the brief history of daddy and the foundations of which it was built around, how it changed impostureDada was non just an contrivance movement but as much of an heathenish movement, this revolutionary movement originated in Zurich, Switzerland in the early months of 1916 it was whiz of the shortest lived graphics movements and solitary(prenominal) survived less than 10years until 1924Dadaism did non start off as an art movement it was born of more as a tasteful kick that grew as a response to not only the slaughterhouse that was world war one but withal to the destruction of auberge that was crumbling around them, as the war spiralled across Europe the mass of the work whiles who founded dada had witnessed the relentless slaughter of innocent men, women and children as un deniable proof that the jingoistic authorities had failed alliance and was undeniably corrupt. With most of the Dadaists being directly impact by WW1 and fleeing from across Europe themselves to suck upk refuge in Switzerland as many an opposite(prenominal) mess did with Switzerland being neutral within the wall it became a safe depleten for a huge number of plenty including many artists and intellects who found sanctuary in Zurich, which was the birthplace of dada included in the refuges that escaped the destruction of the war where a young agree from Munich, Germany named Hugo egg who was a former theatre director and his girlfriend Emily Hennings a professional dancer who withal wrote her possess poems and books not long after arriving they became the parents of dada when they persuade the protester of a nearby caf to let them rent a elbow room from him to begin a cabaret club. They named their club Cabaret Voltaire (fig .1) after one of Frances greatest entitlemen t writers Francois- Marie Arount and commonly known as Voltaire he was a noteworthy writer, historian, poet and philosopher but was most famous for his wit and his attacks on the roman Catholic church with his advocacy of independence of religion and speech you displace see how the young couple related to his values and beliefs and used him as an instigate and inspiration in the laying of the foundations of dada.Cabaret Voltaire opened its doors February 5th 1916 with Hugo puffiness sent out a press release that translated Cabaret Voltaire infra this name a group of young artists and writers has formed with the objective of decent a mettle of delicious entertainment in principle, guest artist will come and give musical performances and readings at the daily meetings. issue artists of Zurich whatever their tendencies, are invited to come along with suggestions and contributions of all kinds and with this release the dada family was formed with a bunch of like-minded misfits who included marcel Janco, Tristian Tarzara, Richard Huelsenbeck, Hans (jean) Arp, Sophie Taeuber, Kurt Schwitters, Marcel Duchamp and Joan Miro ( fig.2) all coming through the doors within the first couple nights of the club opening and they quickly bonded over not just participation but art and they woes of the world surrounding them and how many in conjunction did not know or care with the world surrounding them, this atrophied group of concourse connected over art and the discretion of the world around it and became close friends spending most days and nights together discussing and practising their own politics, depends and art. With the Cabaret Voltaire being bunk by this close group of friends it became a cross between a night club and arts centre while here artist could showcase their work in a whole smart experimental environment, often playing around with music, dance, theatre, poetry, readings, picture taking and all photography and often experimenting with visu al arts. while showcasing their art to the art ball club of Zurich they could discuss the world around them and the founders became coupled in their views and their protest the war, beau monde and the establishment.Performances in the beginning were relatively conventional being honest to a variety show but as WW1 grew so did the artists evoke and wanting for change and realisation, part of the movement was a full-on strike on the art world which they saw as part of the system it was considered likewise accountable and at that placefore had to be overthrown. Dada questioned the value of all art and whether its existence was simply an indulgence of the middle and upper- cast they confronted traditional artistic values with nonsensical and irrational attitudes and with these provoked conservative complacencies with outrageous extractments and actions as within a couple of weeks the artists at Cabaret Voltaire were experimenting with shock tactics becoming increasingly unort hodox and rebellious with its art and as in brief as the founders became aware that the crowds were raddled to this oddball of art and valued it they began to run with it they began to showcase their own politics and views and rebelled more and more against art, monastic order and the war. Although the Dadaists were united in their standards they had no unifying style, an between the short lived period of Dada group it attracted many protestent type of artists who were not willing to accommodate to societies standards of art which meant the artists could allow the movement to have so many various(a) styles which allowed them to play with their art and fuck off with new styles and submit to heart new art. The Cabaret Voltaire and its members pushed the boundaries that surrounded them in a very short lived snip together at the Cabaret Voltaire as it was laboured to closed their doors only six months after it opened due to the nightly antics of the huge crowds that were dr awn to the club and the relaxed nature of the lease owners not paying rent.Marx and loafs Theories of independence A ComparisonMarx and hoagies Theories of Freedom A ComparisonSANDRINE UWIMANAMARX AND milling machineryS VIEWS ON FREEDOM.This essay compares and contrasts Karl Marx and J.S. footle on their understandings of liberty and their analyses of the impediments to its realization. twain Marx and plodding agree that charitable beings are capable of making establish and that the concept of license is an end in itself. therefrom, they saw independence as a core to realise singleist potential and self-determination. However, both differ on the concept of granting immunity realisation and the impediments to exemption. Mill indicates that the impediment to license is the masculine society while Marx begs that the impediment to license is the mercenaryie. Furthermore, the essay discusses the interpellation by state/society into emancipation. Mill assert that the society can interfere into someones freedom when there is malign shuffling to others. For Mill freedom should be cipherd as long as there is no harm done to others while Marx supports the freedom to overthrow the bourgeoisie . On the other hand, Marx views hold that the government/ society should intervene in individual freedom to avoid individuality that leads to secret lieu and consequently creating pathes.Both Marx and Mill see freedom as an end in itself. According to Marxs definition of freedom, was viewed as an end in itself. only in participation has each individual the means of cultivating his gifts in all directions only in the community, therefore, is personal freedom possible. In the previous substitutes for the community, in the State, etc. personal freedom has existed only for the individuals who developed within the relationships of the view screen out, and only insofar as they were individuals of this descriptor, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. For Mill, freedom of speech, opinion and the skillful to participator with others, were important for the come of manhood. Freedom of select is and do what is desirable as long as no harm is done to others is an end in itself. As Mill thus say that , though the tailoreds be both good as customs yet to conform to custom does not develop tender facultiesexercised only in making a choice. (Mill 60). It is evident that freedom of choice is important to the development of individuality and work up of the society as a whole. Thus, freedom is an end in itself, because utilizing human lead to make choices is beneficial for personal development. Hence, the view that sees freedom as an end in itself can be attributed to both Marx and Mill.On the other hand, there are considerable differences between Mill and Marx perspectives on views regarding freedom. For Mill, freedom is important for the purpose of searching for truth and for reasons to live and for progress ( Mill 29). Mill asserts t hat a man must be free to copy his bliss and pleasure. Furthermore, Mill in On impropriety asserts that individual freedom is the paramount chief for the progress of society. The opinion of the individual has to be nurtured and allowed to grow so that he can use his as amazes and talents to benefit the society at large ( Mill 63). Thus, Mill, can be summa springd in On Liberty The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to denudate others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it. An individual has the capability and the precedent to be creative in a society that recognises that ability. As well, Mill argues for the freedom of speech for everyone and that each individual opinion should be respected disregarding of its content. Mill also argues that freedom/liberty is important for the pursuit of happiness (Mill 29). However , Marx asserts that people should not be individualistic and should not absorb their own interests but should conform to the societys norms. For example in On The Jewish Question Zur Judenfrage, Marx criticizes the liberal concept of freedom and argues that it assumes that a human being is an isolated monad ( Max 364) who tags his own private happiness and also tries to avoid conflict with others ( Marx 370). He argue that an individual cannot be treated separately from society. The individual is part and parcel of society and there is nowhere he/she is going to operate in closing off without affecting the society as a whole. Hence, Marx argues that the communist system would make it possible for everyone including children and women to be free as they would not be forced to work for the anyone (Marx 72). For Marx, this is freedom. As well, Marx explains how my free activity transforms itself into the alienated and inhumane power with the fetishism of the commodity. (Marx, 554).Furthermore, Mill and Marx offer a different perspective on the intervent ion by state/society into freedom. Mill argues that there is no justification for interfering in other peoples opinions and thinking. non even the government has the right to interfere in someones freedom. It could be argued that this is the foundation of modern individual freedom. You are free and entitle to your own opinions as long as you dont harm another ( Mill 4). The reason for not interfering, unless for the sake of others, with a persons spontaneous acts, is consideration for his liberty. His voluntary choice is evidence that what he so chooses is desirable, or at least endurable, to him, and his good is on the whole best provided for him by allowing him to take his own means of pursuing it, Mill (14). In contrast, Marx argues that there is a need for the state to interfere with private property so that property ownership might be abolished. The government should have the right and the means to control the people who have private property, thereby forming an exalted comm unist society. It has to be noted that Marx s arguments were based on the view that capitalism was evil and because needed to be replaced by communism. As well, Karl Marx, in On the Jewish Question says that None of the supposed rights of man go beyond the egoistic man, man as he is a member of civil society that is, an individual dislocated from the community, withdrawn into himself, exclusively preoccupied with his private interests and acting in accordance with his private caprice. Hence, a person has to conform to the societys norms. Thus, Marx views counter-argue the view by Mill that the society should respect the individual freedom. On the other hand, Mill warns against the tranny of the majority because sometimes the majoritys opinion is not always right. Thus the protection of the individual is more important and have to be protected.In addition, Mills and Marx views differ on the exercise of freedom. According to Mill, freedom and liberty is having free will and self- determination without being subjected to invariable equity ( Mill 32). Mill adds that innovation and creativity can be achieved in a free environment . Thus, he advocates for a free environment which allows for development and growth of new ideas. Genius can only utter freely in anatmosphereof freedom. Persons of genius are moreindividual than any other people ( Mill, 65). Thus, freedom of the individual will allow new ideas and result in the progress of the society as a whole. As well, he argues that the society or the state should not force people to conform to the particular norms of the society and nor intervene in the activities of the individual which contribute to the development of the community as a whole. However, Mill acknowledges that the only time when the government or the society has to interfere is when it steps in to prevent your harming other people (Mill 68). Thus, Mill asserts that freedom should be exercised as long as there is no harm done to others. Mill, a mans freedom has to be protected and allowed to be explored without infringing on other peoples freedom. Nevertheless, the exercising of freedom should be checked.In addition, Marx argues that the majority of the works club should fight for their freedom and overcome the tyranny of the bourgeoisie (Marx 73). This seems like the views of Mill who argues that the citizens are to have freedom and the state, which is in piffling minority, should not exercise tyranny over them. Mill, on the other hand, argues that the freedom to unite has to be done in such a way that there is not harm to others . Mill would see the argument of Marx advocating the overthrow and taking the property of the bourgeoisie as harm done to others. In the Manifesto, Marx calls for the freedom of the working(a) secern to unite and in the end to revolt against the ware owners also known as Bourgeoisie (Marx Engels, 34). The working class will rise up for their freedom. Marx asserts that freedom can be achiev ed through ideology. If the working class would learn and know the ideology of the bourgeoisie, they would be able to develop a counter ideology and hence the trade union movement would become self-conscious and self-aware and thus be able to manage and control the means of labor (Marx 173.) Thus, Marx argues that the working class would be freed from alienated labour if they knew the ideology of the bourgeoisie. This is how the proletariat would be able to overcome the exploitation of the bourgeoisie. For Marx, the working class should be united and fight for their individual freedom .As well, according to Marx, freedom could be achieved if the working class owned the means of production. It can also be viewed that capitalist system dies freedom to the working class in the modern era. For example, even if you desire to have a certain type of work, you are not free to choose your boss. On the same shoot down the people who controls the means of production have the freedom to cho ose among the copiousness supply of labour. I would agree that communism in which the means of production is owned by many could have been a good society for mankind. Capitalism denies the freedom of choices to many people curiously the poor. It lead to a few of individual controlling all the wealth. As well, I would argue that in the modern era, due to capitalism, most working class people do not have freedom. In the world of today, the owner of the means of production decides which work you are supposed to do but the working class person is not free to choose his work and set his own allowance. This could be regarded as a lack of freedom as the working class do not have a choice but rather to work under the conditions set by the master. For Marx, the ideal society was communism that gave everyone a chance to own something and freedom to majority. As well, Marx argues that there is a need for society to interfere to help the individual realise his potential/ self-cultivation. Th is is so because Marx believes that the society should be classless. Marx asserts that classless society is the foundation of freedom for all because the working class will have power in the production of goods and commodities and hence hold the interest of everyone. When the bourgeois owns the means of production the majority of the people who are the working class are left out.Furthermore, Marx asserts that the impediment to freedom is the bourgeoisie. For instance, Marx argues that the bourgeoisie controls the means of production, robbing freedom from the working class by exploiting their labour. The different classes results in the working class being oppressed . The class of the bourgeoisie infringes upon the freedom of the working class in what he calls the class struggle to refer to a daub where one group has an advantage over the other group. This is so because the class that has an advantage will try and maintain its status quo and in so doing will establish norms that ma intain that class. The working class person has no freedom in the capitalist world since he relies on the wages of his master. As well, since the laborer has no profits to be gained from the production that he doing, he is alienated him from the process of the profit making, which is a violation of his freedom. Furthermore, Marx argues that the majority of the working class should fight for their freedom and overcome the tyranny of the bourgeoisie (Marx 73). This seems like the views of Mill who argues that the citizens are to have freedom and the state, which is in small minority, should not exercise tyranny over them. Nevertheless, for Mill, the impediment to freedom is the masculine state, (Mill, 219). For example, Mill argues that men control the affairs in public life and hence the women are forced to perform the duties of the private life. This implies that the half of mankind who are women are not free.In conclusion, this essay argues that Marx and Mill both share similar u nderstandings of freedom such as the possibility of progress in society, the views that hold that freedom is an end in itself, and the idea that human nature for self-determination must be valued. However, both Marx and Mill pursue a different road in their conclusion of the concept of freedom. As described above, Mills argument argues that masculine is the impediment to freedom. This is so because most of the domestic work is done by women. Marx on the other hand views that the impediment to freedom is the bourgeoisie. Marx believes that capitalism is the problem for freedom and hence advocated for communism. As well, Mill advocated for freedom without the intervention from anyone or from the state as long as their action done does not affect others. Mill also argues against the norms of society that require the individual to conform. As well, he argues that the state should not interfere in the individuals affairs as this is a violation freedom. On the other hand, Marx suggests th at the individual cannot be separated from the society. Thus the state can intervene in order to bring the society together and prevent other people from acquiring all the wealth. Ultimately Marxs spate of communism is valuable because it is a vision that allows for the critique of contemporary society. As well, I would in conclusion, I would argue that capitalist system denies the majority freedom. For example, Even if you desire to have a certain type of work, you are not free to choose your boss. On the same point the people who controls the means of production have the freedom to choose among the abundance supply of labour. I would agree that communism in which the means of production is owned by many could have been a good society for mankind. Capitalism denies the freedom of choices to many people especially the poor. It lead to a few of individual controlling all the wealth.NB The word freedom has been used interchangeably with the word Liberty.Work cited tin Stuart Mill, On Liberty Broadview Press.Mill, J.S. 1869 The Subjection of Women.Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. Robert C. Tucker. Ed. The Marx-Engels Reader.W W Norton Co Inc (Np) second Revised edition March 17, 1978.1

History of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud

History of Modern psychological science Anna FreudMale visionaries dominated in the philosophical contributions to the psychology as a formal line of business however, many prominent women pi unmatchableered major roles in psychology history between 1850 and 1950 (Goodwin, 2005). Freud Sigmund was non only among the Freudian to build credibility in psychology field, this is beca example Anna Freud-her boylikeest daughter took career in psychology and make important contributions in the history of psychology. The paper will discuss the screen background of Anna, her supposititious perspective, and the contributions she do to the field of psychology.Annas BackgroundMartha and Sigmund had six nestlingren, the unsaltedest was Anna born(p) in December 1895. Anna was a mischievous girl who had great discernment the construct of her beat ( novel-Bruehl, 1988). However, she grew separate from her siblings and her mother. Sigmund Freud reciprocated Annas adoration and at one succession, he wrote of her stating, Anna has turned absolute beautiful by naughtiness (Boeree, 1998, pg 64) Frequently, Anna speak of her competition feelings against her sister Sophie- the beautiful child of Freud and Anna the brains of Freud family. There was a forced bond between Anna and her mother Martha and the other siblings because their nanny, Jose Cihlarz, took care of them. Anna finished her procreation at Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912 and was not sure about her future path of career. Anna travelled to Britain in 1914 to turn out her English skills but retuned to Vienna after a declaration of war. She got the certificate of article of faith and started teaching at her former school. She showed great interest in the field of child psychology after taking much of her clock cartridge clip teaching and observing her pupils. Anna decided to aban tangle with macrocosm only a teacher to inspection and repair the children and pursue a career in the footsteps of her yield of psycho compendium.Sigmund developed the interest of Anna in psychology filed at a young age of 14 years when he allowed Anna to read his works and publications about psychoanalysis. In addition, Sigmund began to analyze the dreams on Anna nighttime in 1918, and Anna attach to her father to the 1920 International Psychoanalytic Congress. Anna met many of Sigmunds friends and colleagues, including Lou Andreas-Salome, the psychoanalyst. Later on Lou became a confident of Anna. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society accepted Anna as a member after she presented her Daydreams and Beating Fantasies (Young-Bruehl, 1988). Anna kept on attention meetings of psychoanalytic, followed the publications and the works of her father, analyzed patients, and translated papers. Anna had developed her role as an important endorser to the child psychology field when she began her practice in psychoanalysis with young children. Anna taught seminars at Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and she dousee d her first work, technique of Child Analysis. Her father-Sigmund became very ill after he was diagnosed with butt jointcer and went through several surgical operations. Sigmund needed regular nursing to get well. Anna neer wanted to leave the side of her father and gave him full-time care of nursing. Nevertheless, Anna managed to overcompensate with her with the children. Unfortunately, Sigmund passed away due to his illness in 1913, almost the same time WWII began (Coles, 1992). Anna followed the footsteps of her father with psychoanalysis, but put her emphasis and focus on change the techniques of learning children instead of adults. She became fully immersed in designing efficient and stiff mechanisms to psychoanalyze children. Modern child psychology and self-importance psychology lighten use the techniques developed by Anna (Young-Bruehl, 1988).Theoretical Perspective and Contributions of AnnaAnna was the switch of her father with her work and research in child psychol ogy and ego psychology (Coles, 1992). She remained honest to her fathers core ideas and themes of psychodynamic theory even though some of the followers of her father abandoned his beliefs. However, she mainly focused on psyche dynamics instead of psyche structures. Anna wrote and published The Mechanisms of Defense and The egotism that gave a description how defenses work and ap get uply showed the ego is the observation home from where people observe and works for the concept and the unconscious and superego, and study deserves in its mandate. Ego psychology usually represents the followers of Anna and Sigmund Freud teachings (Coles, 1992). Present day ego psychology is loyal to Freuds work with a foundation of psychoanalysis, although it is more(prenominal) ordinary and practical of the ego in the application of psychoanalysis. Anna Freud mentored Erikson Erik, who is popular for his blowup works in ego psychology field and psychoanalysis (Goodwin, 2005). The mentorship of An na persuade Erik professional and academic career in psychology. Anna and Erik when he was tutoring children in Heitzing coach managed by Dorothy Burlingham, a longtime friend of Anna. Anna saw the skillful room of Erikson with the children and showed her interest in guiding Erik to study more regarding child psychology. agree to Young-Bruehl, (1988) the main passion of Anna was child psychology. Anna devoted most her energy and time analyzing and studying children suffering traumas, majorly from the effects of the war. Most of the children were predisposed to lasting traumas, composition others were blind or handicapped. Anna normally stated that she was happy she did not take a crap her own children, despite the years on her life she devoted to help children she barely knew. Sigmund had focused entirely on adults that sorted through the recollections of puerility instead of current events. The desire of Anna was to work with children suffering from current traumas to proceed any psychological challenges in adulthood (Boeree, 1998). Anna learned children and their own ring and became a dependable healer in dealing with the transference challenges. Reports showed that Anna was a caring adult and was not a substitute guardian, playmate, or parent during the sessions of therapy. The technique of Anna enabled a trusting and stable relationship between the child, the parents, and the therapist (Coles, 1992). The biggest challenge in the cancelling of Anna was communication among the therapist and the children. It is easy for adults to convey their thoughts, beliefs, ideas and emotions verbally whereas young children are inept to act so with accordance. She was unable to use her fathers cure of talking with the children, due to their incapability to extract their ideas and thoughts. Children seem to express their feelings and emotions more differently than the adults do. This influenced Anna to develop techniques particularly make to help the children.Anna Freud had the responsibility of putting up a war babys room at Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. She and Dorothy Burlingham run the clinic and motivated the children at the nursery to manufacture attachments to manage war trauma. Working hand in hand with the children influenced her to publish many studies and research concerning children in stress during wartime, such as, Infants without Families, War and Children, and Young Children in Wartime (Boeree, 1998). She was able to improve her observation of parental deficiency in young children during traumatic period when orphans from concentration camps were put in Bulldogs bank building home (Boeree, 1998). Anna reported, analyzed and observed her outcomes in an experiment in a group upbringing that gave report of the childrens natural capabilities to create unsympatheticown relations with peers as a substitute of parents. In 1945, Hampstead nursery closed due to the end of the war. Shortly after this closure, Hampstead Child The rapy Clinic and Course subject under Annas management. The clinic offered analytic therapy, counseling, and a training in child treatment and analysis (Coles, 1992). The clinic became largest and comprehensive facility devoted the worlds to the treatment and analysis of children. Anna worked as the director, consultant and training analyst of the clinic from 1952 until her passing in 1982. virgin York Times gave a quote by Anna about her significant work with the children I begun as a teacher of an elementary school. I changed from teaching to child analysis field. Henceforth, I moved continually back and forth, from the theoretical research of these challenges to their application practically. It is a fact that a person can have special luck to do this, and that many people don not have this luck (Goodwin, 2005).ConclusionFreud Anna was born 1895 and passed 1982 (Young-Bruehl, 1988). In those years, Anna made important contributions in the psychology field. Her professional and a cademic career shows her leaps and spring in comprehending the nature of humans, mental processes, emotions and behaviors in present psychology (Coles, 1992). She endured being called Sigmund daughter to become a prominent female psychologist in a field and period where the men dominated publications and research. Anna is a true successor of her father and influenced the psychology field as a formal discipline with innovative therapeutic and observation techniques. The works of Anna are historical and befitting discussion, despite of some modern day psychologist agreeing or disagreeing with any of the Freudian perspectives.ReferencesBoeree, G. C. (1998). Anna Freud. Personality Theories. Retrieved from http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/annafreud.htmlColes, Robert (1992). Anna Freud The dream of psychoanalysis. Reading, MA Addison-Wesley.Goodwin, C. J. (2005). A history of modern psychology (2nd Ed.). Hoboken, NJ WileyYoung-Bruehl, E. (1988).Anna Freud A biography. New York Summit Boo ks

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome To Amputate Or Not Nursing Essay

Complex Regional inconvenience superstarself Syndrome To Amputate Or non Nursing EssayAbstractComplex Regional Pain Syndrome is chafe syndrome confined to one or more step to the foregrowths, usually occurring after trauma. The score of CRPS remains unknown and its diagnosis is base upon a determine of clinical signs and symptoms the Budapest Criteria (figure 1). CRPS is characterised by the presence of limb anguish associated with sensory, motor, autonomic, skin and drum changes. It is often resistant to discourse and its clinic course is difficult to predict. Early diagnosis and treatment from a multidisciplinary team is associated with the high hat outcome. In the UK there has been new-fashioned guidelines published to aid the diagnosis and treatment of CRPS. The mainstay of this treatment is physiotherapy, unhurried program line and the medical exam forethought of bruise in the neck. The patient in this case was schedule to undergo an amputation of the affect ed limb prior to trying either of the to a higher place commission, indeed prior to even being diagnosed with CRPS. Amputation for the treatment of CRPS is controversial. Evidence based guidelines regarding CRPS currently state that there is insufficient evidence to prove that amputation positively contributes to the treatment of the patient. It besides runs the risk of the patient suffering from phantom limb pain or CRPS recurring in the stump or contralateral limb. If indeed CRPS is a sympathetically mediated neuropathic pain, as proposed, surgery to the cranial orbit is likely to aggravate the condition. Tissue damage locally will chair in the release of inflammatory neurokines leading to up regulation of the tolerant and nervous system. Amputation in the presence of CRPS can only therefore be justified in the treatment of therapy-resistant infection after other treatment options become been explored. Even more pertinent to this case was that the patient had never tried m ore conventional treatment options before an amputation was decided upon. encase PresentationReferral InformationPatient JM was referred by Dr FJ, consultant in reformation medicine as a query diagnosis of CRPS of his respectable demean limb. JM was scheduled to have a Symmes amputation, under a Professor MS a consultant orthopaedic surgeon, two weeks after this referral was made.Questionaire ScoresMPSQ 8Mod Zung 21Current ProblemJM complained of gradually worsening pain in ripe(p) ankle and foot over a xxiv month period. He scored his pain from 2-8/10 worse on perch touch, cold weather and at the end of the day. The pain was accompanied by decreased motor function, oedema, an increase in sweating and skin semblance changes in the limb. He described his pain as like a really bad tooth ache especially worse when the limb was bootless and only decreased by rest and elevation. He described a dropping sensation in the foot despite it being amalgamate at the ankle which ca drops such severe pain it has at propagation caused him to vomit.Background HistoryJM was born with a congenitally abnormal serious tibia. As a child he underwent sevenfold operations on his correctly ankle. He has had two osteotomies, a bone graft and Lizorov frame and a triple arthrodesis at this ankle joint.Past Medical HistoryJM has no other medical problems.Drug HistoryDihydrocodine 30mg four times a day. No other medication tried.Family HistoryNo family medical chronicle of note. Mum and Dad alive and well.Social HistoryJM lives with his parents and feats in IT full time from an office at home. He feels that his career promotion has been halted over the last few years as his pain has increase and his function worsened. He has an active social life and close family support. He abuted regular tennis until the pain in his ankle change magnitude a few years ago but hasnt been able to play since 2010. He denies any depression or anxiety although finds his functional limitations frustrating. His draw attended his first clinic appointment and was exceedingly upset and anxious when it was suggested that her son try medical treatment options before resorting to a Symmes amputation. She felt that JM had at rest(p) through a lot of psychological distress coming to legal injury with the prospect of having his leg amputated at the foot and was fully decided this was the best course of action only for that decision to be questioned. JM didnt have any expectations of the pain clinic other than to help him reduce his pain to a habitable level. The main reasons given by the Orthopeadic team for amputation was functional to improve his yard and in the long run reduce possible arthritic changes exploitation ascribable to his poor posture.Examination FindingsJMs right lower limb on inspection was swollen from below the knee, with a pale dis tingeation and multiple operation scars at the ankle. There were noticeable trophic changes in the nails of the right foot but no hair or skin changes locally. His right ankle is fused in fixed dorsi flexion. On palpation it is caller to touch and clammy when compared to the left lower leg and ankle. JM is tender to empty-headed touch over the medial aspect of the right ankle. The right knee has normal and has a good range of movement.Diagnostic FormulationJMs right ankle is positive for the Budapest Diagnostic Criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.SensoryAllodyniaHyperalgesiaVasomotorTemperature asymmetrySkin colour changesSkin colour asymmetrySudomoter / OedemaOedemaSweating changesSweating asymmetry take / trophicDecreased range of movementMotor dysfunctionTrophic changes (hair/skin/nails)For the patient to be positive for CRPS with the Budapest criteria they must have continuing pain which is disproportionate to the eliciting event and have more than than one sign in two or more of the categories higher up ANDMore than one symptom in three or more of the categories above ANDNo other diagno sis that could better explain their signs and symptoms.JM has all of the italic signs and symptoms above and no other diagnosis that could better explain his symptoms. JM had also undergone a bone density scan of the right leg showing osteopenia and an xray showing arthritic changes to the deformed and fused ankle joint. Therefore a diagnosis of CRPS of his right lower limb was made.Subsequent ManagementJM was started on lignocaine 5% patches. Communications were also made with the other consultants involved in JMs care (orthopaedics and rehabilitation medicine). The orthopaedic team were keen to point out that the benefits of the surgery were functional and that even if JM were to become pain free with buttoned-down treatment then it would not solve his functional problems. At fare up one month after starting the lignocaine 5 % patches JM was managing extremely well. His pain was down to a manageable level and by wearing the patches he could function nearly normally. He is now walking without a stick and had managed to return to playing tennis and had attended a work conference. He had decided against having the amputation and was happy to carry on with the current medical management of his condition. Further treatment options, should his pain flair up again, were discussed. These include IVRA (intravenous regional anaesthesia) and a spinal cord stimulator.DiscussionCRPS is a pain syndrome with an unclear pathophysiology and unpredictable clinical course. The diagnosis of CRPS is based upon a set of signs and symptoms derived from the history and examination of the patient. The treatment of CRPS is aimed at improving function and requires the use of a interdisciplinary team encompassing physiotherapy, psychological therapies and pain management. The management of CRPS depends on prompt diagnosis and early management as rejoinder to treatment is adversely affected by any delays. In the UK novel guidelines have been developed for the diagnosis and managem ent in the context of both primary and secondary care (2). JM in this case had been managed primarily by an orthopaedic team who had not linked his symptoms with a diagnosis of CRPS. CRPSs management requires a multidisciplinary approach based upon the published foursome Pillars of Intervention (3).The Four Pillars of Treatment for CRPSPatient information and educationPatients should be provided with appropriate education about CRPS to support self managementPatients should be reassured the corporeal and occupational therepy are safe and appropriate and engaged in the process of goal setting and reviewPain relief (medication and procedure)No individualist drug can be recommended at current time due to lack of evidence but the following may be considereda)neuropathic pain medicationb)pamidronate 60mg iv single dose in pts with CRPS

Sherwood Anderson Life And Influences :: essays research papers

LaBrie 1Sherwood Andersons life experiencesAnd the way they influenced how he wroteSherwood Anderson often wrote of other peoples misery in his short stories and used it in ironic ways when writing his endings. After read several of his these stories and reading several biographies of his life, I have come to the conclusion that Andersons life experiences greatly influence the method in which he wrote them. Also, when comparing some of his stories to his life, you impart see that many of them can be closely compared to difficult quantify in which he went through while growing up and as a grown man.Sherwood Anderson was born into a quite an impoverished considerateness in a small Ohio village named Camden. His father was a forbidding drinker and had a particular hard time keeping a job. His mother was a hard operative woman with strict ghostly beliefs and always taught her children to work as hard as they could. Anderson was the third of septette children, making his family large and hard to support.Anderson was not an exceptional student, but rather was average grade wise. He graduated grammar school and completed nine months of highschool. Anderson was forced to drop out because he needed to work for his family and act upon in more income than his mother and two brothers were making. Anderson worked as a gob in 1896- 1898, then served in the Spanish American War. He tended to(p) Wittenburg Academy in Springfield, Ohio, in 1900, then went to Chicago. In Chicago he worked at a produce warehouse, and when he was in his teens he began working as an editor for an advertising agency. In 1904 he began to display anomalous talent for success in the mail- order paint business.LaBrie 4In addition to having financial problems Anderson also had numerous family problems. I believe that this is the basis that Anderson would use love in his stories and have his characters unable to be with that love. Anderson was send-off marry on May 16, 1904, to Cornelia alley of Toledo. He fathered two sons, Robert Lane and John Sherwood, and a daughter, Marion with her. On July 27, 1916, Anderson divorced his current wife and married Tennessee Claflin Mitchell on July 31, at Chateaugay, New York. This marriage had many difficulties since Anderson and Claflin did not go for on most things such as business and family life. Because of this, they divorced in 1924, and after this Anderson married Elizabeth Prall.